Thursday, December 25, 2008

Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Definition:
Blood typing is a method to tell what specific type of blood you have. What type you have depends on whether or not there are certain proteins, called antigens, on the red blood cells or if there are antibodies to these substances.

Blood is often grouped according to the ABO blood typing system. on This method breaks blood types down into four categories:

  • Type A
  • Type B
  • Type AB
  • Type O

Your blood type (or blood group) also depends on what has been passed down to you from your parents.

Alternative Names:
Cross matching; Rh typing; ABO blood typing

How the test is performed:
Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The puncture site is cleaned with a germ-killing product. An elastic band is placed around the upper arm to apply pressure, which causes the vein to swell with blood.

A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected into a tube. During the procedure, the elastic band is removed to restore circulation. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and a band-aid or gauze is applied.

In infants or young children, the area is cleansed with antiseptic and punctured with a sharp needle or a lancet. The blood may be collected in a pipette (small glass tube), on a slide, onto a test strip, or into a small container. A bandage may be applied if there is any bleeding.
The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood, and the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together (agglutinate). If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.

The second step is called back typing. The liquid part of your blood without cells (serum) is mixed with blood that is known to be type A and Type B. Persons with Type A blood have anti-B antibodies, and those with Type B blood have anti-A antibodies. Type O blood contains both types of antibodies. These two steps can accurately determine your blood type.

Blood typing is also done to tell whether or not you have a substance called Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells If you have this substance, you are considered Rh+ (positive). Those without it are considered Rh- (negative). Rh typing uses a method similar to ABO typing.

How to prepare for the test:
No special preparation is necessary for this test.

How the test will feel:
Some people have discomfort when the needle is inserted. Others may only feel a tiny prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a bruise may develop.

Why the test is performed:
This test is done to determine a person's blood type. Health care providers need to know your blood type when you get a blood transfusion or transplant, because not all blood types are compatible with each other.

For example:

  • If you have type A blood, you can only receive types A and O blood.
  • If you have type B blood, you can you can only receive types B and O blood.
  • If you have type AB blood, you can only receive types A, B, AB, and O blood.
  • If you have type O blood, you can you can only receive type O blood. Type O blood can be given to anyone with any blood type.

That is why people with type O blood are called universal donors.

Blood typing is especially important during pregnancy. If the mother is found to be Rh-, the father should also be tested. If the father has Rh+ blood, the mother needs to receive a treatment to help prevent the development of substances that may harm the unborn baby. See: Rh incompatibility

  • If you are Rh+, you can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood.
  • If you are Rh-, you can only receive Rh- blood.


Normal Values:
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with:

  • Anti-A serum, you have type A blood
  • Anti-B serum, you have type B blood
  • Both anti-A and anti-B serums, you have type AB blood If your blood cells do not stick together when anti-A and B is added, you have type O blood.


Back typing:

  • If your blood clumps together when B cells are added to your sample, you have type A blood.
  • If your blood clumps together when A cells are added to your sample, you have type B blood.
  • If your blood clumps together when both types of cells are added to your sample, you have type O blood.

Lack of blood cells sticking together when your sample is mixed with both types of blood indicates you have type AB blood.

RH typing:

  • If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you have type Rh-positive blood.
  • If your blood does not clot when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you have type Rh-negative blood.

What the risks are:

Risks associated with taking blood may include:

  • Fainting or feeling light-headed
  • Multiple punctures to locate veins
  • Excessive bleeding Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
  • Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

Special considerations:

There are many antigens besides the major ones (A, B, and Rh). Many minor ones are not routinely detected during blood typing. If they are not detected, you may have a reaction when receiving certain types of blood.

A process called cross-matching followed by a Coombs' test can help detect these minor antigens

Evaluation

Evaluation:
Some medical tests are used to evaluate the progress of, or response to medical treatment. They are also used to monitor the course (prognosis) of a disease.

Examples of this may include analyzing the arterial blood gasses of an individual, after chest x-rays confirm the presence of a pneumothorax; or, performing a biopsy of a removed tumor to determine the degree of malignancy.

Screening

Screening:
A screening is a medical test or series used to detect or predict the presence of disease in individuals at risk for disease within a defined group, such as a population, family, or workforce.

Screenings may be performed to monitor disease prevalence, manage epidemiology, aid in prevention, or strictly for statistical purposes.

Examples of screenings include measuring the level of TSH in the blood of a newborn infant as part of newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism, checking for Lung cancer in non-smoking individuals who are exposed to second-hand smoke in an unregulated working environment, and Pap smear screening for prevention or early detection of cervical cancer.

Diagnostic

Diagnostic:
A diagnostic test is a procedure performed to confirm, or determine the presence of disease in an individual suspected of having the disease, usually following the report of symptoms, or based on the results of other medical tests.

Such tests include:

  • Utilizing nuclear medicine techniques to examine a patient having a lymphoma. lung scintigraphy during lung cancer diagnostic

  • Measuring the blood sugar in a person suspected of having diabetes mellitus, after periods of increased urination.

  • Taking a complete blood count of an individual experiencing a high fever, to check for a bacterial infection.

  • Monitoring electrocardiogram readings on a patient suffering chest pain, to diagnose or determine any heart irregularities.